How Accurate Are STI Tests?
STI test accuracy varies by test type and timing. Most modern tests are highly accurate (95-99%) when performed after the window period. Testing too soon after exposure can give false negatives. Different STIs have different window periods, typically 1-2 weeks to 3 months.
What Is the STI Testing Window Period?
The window period is the time between STI exposure and when a test can detect the infection. For chlamydia and gonorrhea it is 1-2 weeks, for syphilis 3-6 weeks, for HIV 18-45 days with modern tests, and for herpes 2-12 weeks. Testing too early can miss infections.
Can STIs Affect Pregnancy?
Yes, STIs can cause serious pregnancy complications including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight, and transmission to the baby during pregnancy or delivery. Infections like syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, herpes, and hepatitis B can affect the baby. Prenatal STI screening is essential.
Can a Baby Get an STI During Birth?
Yes, babies can contract STIs during vaginal delivery. Gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause eye infections and pneumonia. HIV can be transmitted during delivery. Herpes can cause severe neonatal infections. Syphilis and hepatitis B can be passed to the baby. Treatment during pregnancy prevents most transmissions.
Can You Breastfeed with an STI?
Breastfeeding safety depends on the STI. HIV can be transmitted through breast milk, so mothers with HIV should consult their doctor about formula feeding or treatment. Herpes lesions on the breast should avoid direct contact. Most STIs do not transmit through breast milk, but medical guidance is essential.
What Is Nonspecific Urethritis (NSU)?
NSU is inflammation of the urethra not caused by gonorrhea. It can result from chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, or other causes. Symptoms include discharge and painful urination. It is treated with antibiotics even when a specific organism is not identified.
What Is Cervicitis?
Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix, often caused by STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, or herpes. Symptoms may include abnormal discharge, bleeding between periods, and pelvic pain, but many cases are asymptomatic. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
What Is Proctitis?
Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum lining, often caused by STIs transmitted through anal sex, including gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and herpes. Symptoms include rectal pain, discharge, bleeding, and painful bowel movements. Treatment targets the underlying infection.
What Is Epididymitis?
Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis (tube at the back of the testicle), often caused by bacterial STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea in younger men. It causes testicular pain, swelling, and painful urination. Prompt antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
